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Table of Contents

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….……… 1

2. Current Critical Views on Hardy………………………………………….……… 2

3. Naturalism Versus Existentialism………………………………………….……... 4

3.1 Materialism versus humanism…………………………..……..……...….…... 5

3.2 Determinism versus freedom……...…………………..……….….…………. 6

3.3 Pessimism versus optimism…………………….……………….….………... 8

4. Hardy as a Proto-Existentialist……………………………………….…………. 10

4.1 Absurdity and futility…………………………….……...……….………….. 10

4.2 Loneliness and dread…………………......…………………….….………... 12

4.3 Free choice……………………….………………..……………….……….. 14

4.4 The death symbol……………………………..………………….….……… 16

5. Conclusion……………………………………………………….……….……... 18

Works Cited………………………………………….……………………….……... 19

1. Introduction

(一级标题为四号字，字体为Times New Roman，黑体并居中)

In this thesis, I intend to prove that Thomas Hardy is a proto-existentialist. If I can show that basic existentialist tenets are consistently demonstrated in Hardy’s novels of character and environment, his main contribution to literature as a novelist, that will reveal how far Hardy moves towards modernism and open up a new channel to interpret his novel.

Hardy is found with a different perspective of interpreting the tragic fate of Tess (Zhang and Wang 89).

(各章须另起一页，章内各部分之间空一行)

4. Hardy as a Proto-Existentialist

Thomas Hardy is much influenced by The Origin of Species, though he never shares Darwin’s sense of grandeur in a view of evolution which signifies the survival of the fittest at the expense of the weak. Compassionate by temperament, Hardy finds justification in evolutionary theory for extending (Gilbert 22).

Hardy’s thoughts of the human situation in the world shared many similarities with existentialism whose basic tenets and themes are constantly demonstrated in Hardy’s novels of character and environment.

(各部分之间空一行，即小标题上面空一行，小标题下面不空)

4.1 Absurdity and Futility (二级标题及以下各级标题左对齐，小四/12号字，黑体)

Hardy articulates a world where man lives a futile life and is the “sport” of malevolent, or at least indifferent, forces which finally destroy their happiness, defeat their aspirations, and making a mockery of their life. To Hardy, the absurdity of the universe lies in its oppression of man’s desires and its opposition to man’s will. In this absurd universe, man cannot achieve anything and his fate is always against him, and thus man lives in an abyss of agony.

(各部分之间空一行，即小标题上面空一行，小标题下面不空)

4.2 …

注：

1. 正文部分每段开头空5格 (5 spaces)。

2. 正文全文1. 5倍行距, 字号为小四/12，字体为Times New Roman。

3. 从正文部分开始标页码, 标在页面右下角。

4. 小标题若出现在页面最后一行，请移到下一页。

5. 正文里第三级标题，即1.1.1 和1.1.2之间不空行。

6. 引文请参照MLA Handbook里面的格式, 其中中文作者在In-text citation 里使用拼音姓名加页码，中间不用逗号，如作者霍小娟，其著作第29页引用形式为：(Huo Xiaojuan 29).

7. 文内引用格式范例：

While the budget cuts might go deeper than originally reported (Kinsley 42), there is no reason to believe that “throwing more taxpayers’ dollars into a bottomless pit” (Doggett 62) will do much to reform. “one of the least productive job training programs ever devised by the federal government” (Will 28).

8. 文内引用超过4行时，每行前面空10格(10 spaces)，例如：

In their Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, Akmajian et al. introduce William Labov’s New York department store experiment as follows:

Labov began with the hypothesis that New York City speakers vary in their pronunciation of /r/ according to their social status. Labov interviewed salespeople at several New York City department stores that differed in price range and social prestige. Assuming that salespeople tend to “borrow prestige” from their customers, Labov predicted that the social stratification of customers at different department stores would be mirrored in a similar stratification of salespeople. (Akmajian et al. 281)

9. 如果引用的汉语文献，自己翻译成英文，则引用部分加引号，并在括弧中加注translated by this author

Works Cited

(注意：MLA不用References 或Bibliography)

Aldelman, Gary. Jude the Obscure: A Paradise of Despair. New York: Twayne, 1992.

Calvino, Italo. “Cybernetics and Ghosts.” The Uses of Literature: Essays. Trans. Patrick Creagh. San Diego: Harcourt, 1982. 3-27.

Duke Ellington. 2002. Estate of Mercer K. Ellington. 3 June 2002

dukeellington.com>.

Gilber, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Atttic. New Haven: Yale UP, 1999.

Vickery, Laurie. “The Politics of Abuse: The Traumatized Child in Toni Morrison and Marguerite Duras.” Mosaic 29.2 (1996): 91-109.

Yang, Hsien-yi, and Gladys Yang, trans. A Dream of Red Mansions. By Cao Xueqin. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1978.

郭宏，王熊，刘宗林.“英语委婉语研究.”余立新编.《第三届全国社会语言学学术报告会议论文集》.北京：高教出版社，2008.421-425.

霍小娟.《华美文学视野中的汤亭亭》.北京: 西苑出版社,2006.

吴一安，刘润清. “中国英语本科素质调查报告.”《外语教学与研究》.1993

(57): 32-35.

许力生.“跨文化的交际能力问题探讨.”《外语与外语教学》.2000 (7): 17-21.

张伯香编.《英国文学选读》.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1998.

注：

1. 引用文献不少于10条， 其中英文参考书目不得少于6条。

2. 引用文献另起一页，页码与正文连续。

3. 引用文献1.5倍行距，条目之间不空格。

4. 引用文献按字母顺序排列，不编号。

1. 英语书目集中排在汉语书目前，英汉书目分别按alphabetical order 排列。

2. 网址须参照MLA Handbook上的格式。

3. 参考书目中中文部分也统一使用英文标点符号。

4. 逗号、冒号后空1格(1 space)，句号后一律空格( space)。